“Our once great western Christian civilization is dying. If this matters to followers of Jesus Christ, then we must set aside our denominational differences and work together to strengthen the things that remain and reclaim what has been lost. Evangelicals and Catholics must stand together to re-establish that former Christian culture and moral consensus. We have the numbers and the organization but the question is this: Do we have the will to win this present spiritual battle for Jesus Christ against secularism? Will we prayerfully and cooperatively work toward a new Christian spiritual revival ― or will we choose to hunker down in our churches and denominationalisms and watch everything sink into the spiritual and moral abyss of a New Dark Age?” - Mark Davis Pickup

Tuesday, February 3, 2026

EVERYONE IS AFRAID

 

I read about a young man paralyzed in a freak accident. The story gave a glimpse of his grief and sorrow. The terrible prospect of permanent disability is beginning to sink in and it's breaking his heart. He told the reporter, "It's really, really hard." And so it is. Life with catastrophic disability is a hard journey. I know, I've lived with degenerative multiple sclerosis for over 40 years. Unexpectedly, yet wonderfully God lifted my paralysis in 2018 and I stood and walked away from my electric wheelchair. The Holy Spirit told me not to forget how deep my sorrow, fears, and sense of isolation became in my grieving physical loss.

At the deepest point of grieving, life can seem like an endless series of disappointments, accommodations and compromises, lost opportunities, and inexpressible sorrow. One can feel totally alone, even in a crowded room. 


Such a loneliness

Disability is a lonesome journey. It's not that friends are unkind - just hard to find. Then there are those dreaded moments at the end of each evening and one must make his way to the terror of the bedroom. It's in there that the darkness awaits to engulf a grieving person in fitful sleep-wake torture. 

A chorus of despair, self-doubts and fear whisper, "You are alone. Nobody understands." 

It is there, in the middle of an endless night, lying wide-awake staring into darkness, that a bed can become a rack. The horrible truth of life's misfortune can seem too great to bear. A human soul lays open like a gaping wound. Whimpers break into sobs of raw, pulsating grief. 

Grievers beware! Emotions are unreliable, they are apt to intensify the feeling of isolation out of all proportion. Tears obscure vision and grief distorts perceptions of reality. 

There is no such thing as an endless night. It only seems that way. The longest night must eventually give way to dawn. It is only fear and grief that tell us otherwise. Even the pitch black of arctic winter days will, in due course, transform into a peculiar summer midnight sun. 


Many people with profound disabilities have risen above their predicaments and abyss of intense grief to incredible spiritual heights and human achievements-sometimes in spite of their disabilities and sometimes because of them. 

Transcending disability

Perhaps the most famous example is Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827). Most of his vast contribution to the world of music were written in either partial or complete deafness. 

George Frederic Handel (1685-1759) suffered from manic depression. His beloved Messiah was written at the end of a depressive bout. 

John Milton (1608-74) was blind when he wrote Paradise Lost (1667). Paradise Lost is generally considered to be the greatest epic in the English language. (Remember that John Milton also wrote Paradise Regained.) 

Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an "invalid and a recluse" to use the phrasing of one biographer. There was nothing invalid about her - her gift for lyric poetry is with us to this day. 

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was physically crippled from polio at the age of 39, yet as America's 32nd president he led an entire nation through most of the Great Depression and the Second World War. 

Grief, sorrow and fear are not unique to people with disabilities: they are common to the human experience. Everybody is acquainted with sorrow. Everyone is afraid. 


With the exception of babies and small children, everyone has fears from the past and fears of the future. 


Most people are afraid of serious self-examination lest they come face to face with inner demons, character flaws and emotional handicaps. They might be challenged to go through a difficult process of change. Some people fear being forgotten while others fear being remembered. 


We are afraid of committing ourselves wholly to love yet afraid of being unloved. Many people are afraid of committing themselves to lives with purpose - yet despise those who do. 

Some people are afraid of dying outside God's grace yet they are afraid to truly live within it. We may be afraid being seen as extreme yet afraid to venture outside mediocrity. 


But there is a question that has always been deep within you that must be asked. What is within you and I that can help us to transcend ourselves from fear to live a life of purpose and serve God?


Mark Davis Pickup







Tuesday, December 30, 2025

THEIR BABY WAS CONCEIVED IN LOVE, ... OR SO SHE THOUGHT

 

She laid in her bedroom stunned at what her boyfriend said. He had told her he loved her and now she was carrying their baby inside her. She didn’t understand his coldness. Their baby was conceived in love ... or so she thought. Although they were only eighteen, she wanted to get married and raise their child. He wanted her to have an abortion so he could party with his friends.  Alone, unsupported and emotionally abandoned by her boyfriend, condemned by his mother, and her grandmother pushing her toward the abortionist, she gave in and aborted their baby. Six months later they broke up and she moved back east. Little did they know that was not the end of their story—not by a long shot!

Mark Davis Pickup


(A scene depicted from my screenplay TRANSCEND: A Journey Toward Love. See the screenplay website here )




Monday, December 22, 2025

CHRISTMAS WITH AN EMPTY MANGER


Years ago, my town held a community church Christmas concert at the local catholic church. Outside in the chilly winter weather was a nativity scene. Inside was garland, ribbons, another nativity scene, poinsettia’s, candles and a general reverence for the Advent Season. I specifically remember a young woman from the Pentecostal church singing a beautiful rendition of “O Holy Night.” 

 O Holy night! The stars are brightly shining 
 It is the night of our dear Saviour’s birth 

Then we were in for a real treat! A hefty woman from the apostate United Church of Canada (UCC) came sliding across the front of the church, snapping her finger to the beat of the music, and delivered an off-key version of “Rockin’ around The Christmas Tree.” 


Rockin' around the Christmas tree 
At the Christmas party hop 
Mistletoe hung where you can see, Every couple tries to stop. 

When Rotunda finished, she took a bow and scampered away whispered to herself, “Nailed it!” The over-crowded church sat in stunned silence at the spectacle they just witnessed. What was that? A comedy routine? I whispered to my wife, “United Church theology.” 

SAD LEGACY

There was a time when the United Church of Canada was the largest Protestant denomination in Canada. But beginning in the heady 1960s, they decided to try and be relevant and hip, abandoning the uncompromising Gospel of Jesus Christ for liberal trendy tolerant worldviews. They became tolerant to the point of tolerating sin, then accepting it, then celebrating it. The pews emptied. 

Now the UCC is just a sad relic; they are little more than a secular organization—like a social club cloaked in religious vestments. Ironically, they sought to be relevant and became irrelevant. 

The fact is that people do not need soft soap and the tasteless gruel of a liberal social gospel devoid of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. He is God made man, fully human yet fully divine, the only Messiah and Redeemer of the human race. When individuals surrender their lives to God’s will, repent of their sins through faith in Jesus Christ and cleansed by His blood shed at Calvary, they find unspeakable peace, joy and purpose.  

DOESN'T FIT THE NARRATIVE

But this doesn’t fit with liberal woke narratives dating back to the 1960s. The United Church of Canada (and other liberal denomination) abandoned crucial tenets of Christianity such as the biblical creation account, the miracles, the Virgin birth, the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ (except in some metaphorical sense) and the inerrancy of scripture as our final authority in all matters of faith and conduct. 

Their clergy have even denied our Lord’s unequivocal words: “I am the way, the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.” (John 14.6). This is so offensive to the United Church of Canada (and many other liberal Protestant churches)! It offends  because of the exclusivity of Christ’s claim. In the Book of Acts, Saint Peter says the same thing about Jesus: “Salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to mankind by which we must be saved.” (Acts 4:11-12.) 

Jesus is the only way to God, not a way. This is untenable to liberals—there must be many ways to heaven. Christ and the Apostle were not inclusive according to post-modern liberal sensibilities and that is utterly unacceptable. 


Now they come to Christmas. How do liberal churches, like the United Church of Canada, face the truth that the timeless One entered time when they have denied Him, His power over life and death and the foundations of Christianity?  Over the past 70 years they have chosen comfort over the Truth. Their manger is empty.

Pray the blinders be removed from those who have compromised the Christian faith or abandoned it completely and come back to Christ and His holiness and seek to become more like Him. 

MDP

“If you look for truth, you may find comfort in the end; if you look for comfort you will not get either comfort or truth only soft soap and wishful thinking to begin with, and in the end, despair.” — C.S. Lewis, Mere Christianity

Wednesday, November 5, 2025

CANADA'S WAR ON CHRISTIANS

 



I am old enough to remember a previous Christian moral consensus that governed western culture for hundreds of years. It was the foundation of the family and the community.  It was a time when most people knew the 10 commandments. They may not have followed them, but they knew they should have. That has all been swept away. We are entering the cruel rock-hard edge of a New Dark Age.

That former Christian ethos can still be reclaimed and restored against its enemies, whether it be in the halls of power, on the streets of our nation, or standing against unbiblical leaders in our churches seduced by the spirit of the age.

My country of Canada is anti-Christian. What are Christ’s followers to do? Remain faithful to Him and the holy Scriptures, even in the face of withering opposition. Ultimately, there is no neutral ground between truth and falsehood, right or wrong, good and evil. Christ IS the Truth (John 14.6). Remember, He warned His followers, “If the world hates you, keep in mind that it hated me first.” (John 15.18.) The servant is not greater than the Master (John 13.16).

The Truth of Jesus Christ and the previous Christian moral ethos is being actively and intentionally swept away from the public square and public discourse. Civil society is not civil when it comes to Christians. The common good is not common. Christians are decried and despised in politics and the media.

Canada has replaced the God of Abraham Isaac and Jacob with a brutal liberal God of nihilism, perversion and corruption. A grotesque and secular new entity has emerged that pays to kill unborn children, the sick, the disabled, denies natural sexual order, natural law and burns down Christian churches.


Christians of various denominations must come together to stop this new and deviant version of Canada that has emerged. It is no time to be docile or timid! Stand up for all that sacred and good, beautiful and true. What is source of goodness, beauty and truth? Jesus Christ!

Mark 



 

Thursday, October 23, 2025

ANTI-DISABILITY BIAS IN CANADA

 


Krista Carr is the Executive Vice President and CEO of Inclusion Canada.  Inclusion Canada is a national federation of 300 local and 13 Provincial/Territorial Associations working on behalf of approximately 1 million Canadians with a developmental disability and their families. Ms. Carr recently appeared before a parliamentary committee on The Status of Persons with Disabilities. Committee member and MP Garnett Genuis asked Ms. Carr about disabled Canadians’ fear of seeking ordinary medical treatment. They fear (and quite rightfully) Canada's assisted suicide law (euphemistically referred to as Medical Assistance in Dying MAiD). Carr informed the committee of health care providers suggesting MAiD, under track 2 of the legislation.[1] Genuis asked how often she encounters this? She said “weekly.” 



More than 90,000 people have been killed under MAiD. It now accounts for 1 in 20 deaths in Canada.

This is just the natural of post-Hippocratic medicine. That ancient Oath (dating back to the fifth Century BC) forbade assisted suicide (and abortion). It said:

“I will do no harm or injustice to them [patients]. Neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause abortion.”

Awkward …! Modern medicine does all of this stuff—so they revised the wisdom of antiquity for a new revised version. The new revised Hippocratic Oath was removed any reference to helping people killing themselves or abortion. It's name should be the Hypocritical Oath.

I witnessed this anti-disability bigotry amongst Canadian medical professionals more than 30 years ago when I was a member of the ethics committee for the University of Alberta Hospital. When I joined the committee in 1992, as their community/disability representative, I was in an electric wheelchair (multiple sclerosis). My chair stuck out like a sore thumb for other members of the ethics committee. My wheelchair was my credential. In the early years, medical professionals sitting around the table were very good at treating patients with disabilities with the same respect and protocols that everyone else received. 

In 1995, a case came before the committee about a young man, Terry Urquhart. He had Down Syndrome. He was denied admission on to the lung transplant list because of a hospital policy that only persons of “reasonable intelligence” could be considered for transplantation. transplant list.  

His tenacious parents would not accept that answer, but the hospital was firm. They did exactly what any good parent would do: They took the story to the media. They got friends to protest outside the hospital. Disability organizations lobbied on Terry’s behalf. The Chair on the ethics committee was visibly agitated. Reporters wanted to talk to him. I asked if the hospital really had a policy excluding people with Down Syndrome from receiving organ transplantation. They admitted it. My response was blunt: “Then we deserve every lump of bad publicity and public scorn we get.” Eventually the hospital caved to the embarrassment of such a discriminatory policy and public pressure that Terry got his lung transplant.[2]

The hospital eventually caved and Terry got his much needed lung transplant. I was shocked at how many Albertans the transplant. 

A number of Albertans felt that Terry’s transplant was a “waste” and organs should go to more “productive” members of society. Some radio phone-in callers said they were considering tearing up their organ donor cards because of the hospital’s decision. It was yet another indication how low people with disabilities are held in certain quarters.

During my twelve years on the university hospital ethics committee, I noticed a hardening of medical professionals on the committee toward care of severely disabled patients. Things that previous went unspoken or whispered just out of my earshot were openly said to my face. Hostility toward the disabled was overtly expressed. Parents of a little boy born with a severe disability who required a major procedure (I can’t remember the details) was an example. The background information about the case indicated the child was happy and came from a supportive and loving family. A senior doctor on the committee objected to this assertion and said the parents were actually abusive! I asked her where she got such an idea. She glared at with eyes cold as ice, and said, “They are abusive because they agreed to treatment when he was born.” Despite the report stating the child was happy and had a good family, the doctor rejected it because of her own anti-disability bias.

Fast forward to 2025. Euthanasia/assisted suicide have been legal in Canada since 2016. What was sold as an option for dying people whose deaths were “reasonably foreseeable” was just the beginning—the thin edge of a deadly wedge. In 2021, a second phase began that removed the criteria of death being “reasonably foreseeable.” The cross-hairs shifted to Canada’s disabled in what is known as track 2 of MAiD. We are waiting for the jaws of MAiD to widen widely again in 2027 to include people whose sole condition is mentally ill and suicidal. Barbarism!



[1] Track 2 of MAiD is specifically targeted at people with disabilities that are not terminal. This is the distinguishing factor between track 1 and track 2. Track 1 requires a person’s illness or disability to have a death in the foreseeable future. Track 2 is for non-terminable people with disabilities. An AI search of track 2 MAiD states that individual eligibility criteria is for:

 

“… [I]ndividuals whose natural death is not reasonably foreseeable: They must be at least 18, eligible for Canadian public healthcare, and have a grievous and irremediable medical condition. This includes having a serious and incurable illness, disease, or disability that is in an advanced state of irreversible decline and causes unbearable suffering. A voluntary, informed request is required, and two independent practitioners must perform the assessments, which includes consultation with a specialist if needed. While the eligibility assessment period is typically at least 90 days, it can be shortened if the person's capacity is at risk of being lost.” 

 

In 2027, MAiD will be offered to mentally ill Canadians who are suicidal. That’s how stone-hearted Canada’s governing Liberal Party has become. 

 

 

[2] “Disabled boy gets transplant, The Interim magazine, 29 April 1995.

Tuesday, September 30, 2025

MARK CARNEY & A 2-STATE SOLUTION


 

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney has stated Canada recognizes a Palestinian state to exist beside Israel. His “envisions” this yet to be state of Palestine that will living harmoniously with Israel, “building its future in peace and security alongside the State of Israel.” Didn’t we go down a similar path with the Oslo accords of 1993 and 1995? 

The idea of a two-state solution or land-for-peace has been proposed for decades, without success. The idea is as deeply flawed as land-for-peace efforts of the Clinton Administration in the 1990s. The Oslo Peace Accord eventually collapsed with both Israel and the Palestinians blaming each other. I predict (and I hope I am wrong) that the latest attempt at a two-state solution will have as much of a chance to succeed as the Oslo Accord. 

Nearly 30 years ago (June of 1996) I wrote to then Secretary of State Warren Christopher about the unstable Middle East and the proposed land-for-peace solution. As noble as the idea was, many people suspected it wouldn’t work. There was no desire of either party for it to work. How could it? Both parties claimed historic ownership of the same land dating back to antiquity. There have been oceans of blood shed over historic grievances. But the central ingredient for a two-state solution or land-for-peace is missing. What was the missing ingredient? A desire by both parties—an authentic wholehearted desire for peaceful coexistence. It didn’t exist 30 years ago, and it doesn’t exist now! The foundation of a two-state solution is too shaky and fragile.

In my correspondence to US Secretary of State Warren, I stated: 

“Any peace worth having must be based on peace for the sake of peace. That is a peace of substance. It’s rather like love motivated by money versus love motivated for love’s sake. The first is counterfeit, the second is genuine. Love based on pecuniary motives is not love at all.  Peace motivated by securing land is a counterfeit peace. The real question arises: What happens after the land swap? Will the memory of land for peace be steadfast when the next grievance is on the table? (Desiring is a strong motivation until the object is attained, then often the desire for more raises its ugly head. It’s human nature.) Deep-seated, historical hatred between peoples will remain—not to mention wild variables like Hezbollah and Hamas. … Land for peace can be a motivation, not the motivation. Peace for the sake of peace is the only peace worth having.” 

Fast forward to 2025. What makes Mark Carney think it will work now? It may well be that the Palestinian authority gets will get sidelined again by Hamas. Will Hamas willingly step aside from power when their goal to wipe Israel off the map is still unattained (and hopefully never will be attained)? They will regroup. They may combine forces with other terrorist groups in the area such as Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), the Popular Resistance Committeesand/or the Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade to seize power in a newly establish Palestinian state?  

Remember how ineffective the PA was after the Oslo Accords of the mid-1990s? Why wouldn’t they be equally ineffectual now? The central ingredient for peace is still missing: A desire to achieve peace for the sake of peace and a willingness of both sides to sacrifice something to achieve such a worthy goal. 

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, has emphatically vowed to prevent a Palestinian state. His first priority is protecting Israel and its people and eliminating Hamas. That’s his job. He has no other choice. And so the impasse to a two-state solution will continue as long as Hamas is part of the equation.  Prime Minister Netanyahu has clearly stated that he will not stop hunting down Hunting down Hamas until they are completely eliminated and all hostages released. So why haven’t the Palestinians cooperated with Israel to eliminate Hamas from their midst? The war will be over. Could it be that the Palestinians actually support Hamas? If that is true, how can there be any peaceful two-state solution?

Carney’s regurgitated two-state solution remains an unstable vision for Israelis and Palestinians as two independent states living peacefully side by side. Why would Israel agree to live side-by-side with a state in which an entity remains embedded that has vowed for their destruction and will likely continue campaigns of terror against them? Hamas wants Israel’s destruction and Israel may rightly believe they are in Gaza. There is still no overwhelming desire in for peace from those who surround it Israel. Israel cannot allow itself to be next to a state that poses a clear and ever-present danger to very existence.

Until Hamas is eliminated there can be no two-state solution, no land for peace. The risk is simply too high and unstable regardless of what Prime Minister Carney wants to envision. Desiring is not having. Until peace is wanted for the sake of peace there will be no peace. 

President Trump can provide a critical stabilizing role in finding a solution for the Palestinians and Israels. I think it begins with the complete elimination of Hamas by whatever tough or brutal means are required short of nuclear. This may create deterrence for other terrorist groups who threaten the security of Israel. They must understand that President Trump is resolute in protecting Israel (surrounded by hostile nations). If that means Israel’s allies must assist them in rooting out and neutralizing Hamas, then so be it. Once Israel feels safer, a path forward for peace and economic renewal for all can begin. 

 

 



Friday, September 12, 2025

CHARLIE KIRK'S ASSASSINATION AND AMERICA'S FUTURE


 

Did Charlie Kirk die in vain? He was such a good man with wisdom beyond his young years. Charlie Kirk was a husband, a father and a Patriot, but he was first a lover of Jesus Christ. He openly proclaimed his faith to the world. For the sake of goodness and Truth, he willingly took the poison darts and arrows of the woke left. Millions of people across America (and at least one old man in western Canada) are tearfully asking the question: Why? Vision is blurred when clouded by tears. Charlie Kirk has become a Christian martyr.

 

Under inspiration of the Holy Spirit, Saint Paul said that all things work together for good to those who love God, those who are called according to His purpose. That describes the life of Charlie Kirk.

God can use what has happened for good. God can use conservative America’s pain to accomplish wonderful things far beyond what we can imagine. 

Let me illustrate this with an example from my own life. Early in my career I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). It was very aggressive.The upward trajectory of my career stalled. Eventually I was put out to pasture at the age of thirty-eight. I sank into a clinical depression as MS ravaged my body and a creeping paralysis became apparent. I asked God ‘Why?’ My life seemed over. 

It was in the dark shadows of depression and defeat that God gave me a task: Be willing to go with my canes, or crutches or wheelchair anywhere I was given the opportunity to proclaim a simple message. What was that message? Every human life has incalculable value and worth for no other reason than they bear the indelible image of God. America and many jurisdictions were contemplating legalizing euthanasia. Jack Kevorkian was leading the charge. I said Yes, thinking God would only send me around the Canadian province where I live. Nope. He sent me across Canada and the United States—from Victoria on Canada’s west coast to Nova Scotia on Canada’s east coast, from Los Angeles to Boston, Whitehorse in the Canada’s Yukon to Louisiana and Alabama on the Gulf of America and countless small towns and big cities between those points. My last speaking engagement was Dubuque, Iowa in 2018. Travel had become too difficult.

What seems like a tragedy or defeat can be the beginning of something much larger, like using Charlie’s martyrdom as a turning point for America to return to being one nation under God? I believe with all my heart that being one nation under God was what raised America’s economic prowess for unprecedented prosperity, and a colossal military for the forces of good, and human liberty (not licence) to heights never known before in history. God blessed America.

Now that is threatened because half of America has forgotten they were one nation under God. America is at a crisis point. You can either crack apart and make a mockery of your noble experiment that thrived for more than two centuries; or will this hour of crisis be an opportunity for America’s renewal. Take Charlie Kirk’s example. 

Reject the evil of the woke far left who seek to destroy America as we know it and replace it with communism or some grotesque entity concocted in their own image.They and their Democratic friends (with a compliant media) fan the flames of American against American. Christ said: "Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand".

I don’t want that for America! I love America! Take the love of Christ to Americans who are so lost they don’t even know if they are male of female, take it to women in crisis pregnancies to choose life not death for their babies, Make killing old and disabled people—who have sunk beneath the waves of their circumstances—anathema. Remove gender ideology from schools, encourage faith and family and pray for God’s guidance in the coming dark days of crisis that will either lead to America’s demise, or America’s renewal. Understand that free speech must have its limits. It stops with the espousing the killing of fellow American, or the destruction of the nation: its institutions, its laws and constitution, its mores and long-established Christian ethos that has been a blessing to America. The left is trying to bring all that down.

Their treacherous and treasonous ideas cannot be tolerated. They must be rooted out by whatever means necessary to preserve the American Union and the integrity established from the nation’s beginning. Granted, there were dark chapters, but the journey toward a more perfect union has always been the goal within the Founder’s original vision. They had a vision of what America could be but was yet unattained. Do not lose sight of their great vision and stay the course toward it.

Reflecting on the 1787 Signing of the American Constitution in Philadelphia, one of the nation’s Founding Fathers, James Madison (1751-1836), remembered words Benjamin Franklin spoke at the Constitutional Convention. He wrote:

“Whilst the last members were signing, Doctor Franklin, looking toward the President’s chair, at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted, observed to a few members around him, that the painters had failed to distinguish in their art, a rising from a setting sun. I have, said he, often and often, in the course of the sessions, and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue, looked at that behind the President’s chair, without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting; but now at length, I have the happiness to know. That it is a rising, and not a setting sun.”[1]

Now, 238 years after the great man spoke those immortal words, Americans must again determine whether the sun is still rising or is it setting on the United States. If the sun is setting on your great nation, understand that darkness always follows sun sets. If the sun is still rising on the sacred uplands of America, there will be a light of a renewed and hope-filled future. American’s must decide which it will be. I pray you will follow Charlie Kirk's example, choose to a rising sun, and Make America Great Again. 

MDP

Alberta, Canada.

_____________

[1] Lefton S. Stavrianos, ed., Reading in World History (Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc.),  p. 258.